政策：人權政策/常見問題

以下的問題和答案與維基媒體基金會理事會於2021年12月8日批准的人權政策有關。

Frequently asked questions (published 9 December 2021)

這項政策對維基媒體基金會工作人員和維基媒體運動志願者意味著什麼？

全球倡導團隊(Global Advocacy team)發表了一篇Diff博客文章，探討了這項政策對維基媒體基金會工作人員和維基媒體運動志願者的意義。

制定此政策的過程是什麼？

2020 年，維基媒體基金會加入了全球網絡倡議的公司選區，該組織是一個多方利益相關者的組織，倡導互聯網的言論自由和隱私，並要求其公司成員承諾符合國際人權標準，遵守一系列支持這些權利的原則。同年，維基媒體基金會委託了Article One Advisors——一家專門研究人權，負責任的創新和其社會影響的諮詢公司）對維基媒體的免費知識專案進行人權影響評估。該評估是在與維基媒體基金會工作人員，維基媒體運動志願者，以及其他利益相關者和技術和人權專家的廣泛協商後得出的。該範圍旨在解決所有人權問題，包括但不限於言論自由和隱私權。評估的目標包括在維基媒體的免費知識專案中發現突出的人權風險，並制定策略以減輕與維基媒體專案相關的實際和潛在風險，包括避免對直接或間接參與或受維基媒體專案影響的人士造成傷害。

Article One於2021年7月向維基媒體基金會提交了最終報告。報告的調查結果和建議於2021年9月提交給維基媒體基金會理事會。報告提出了與維基媒體的免費知識專案相關的五類人權風險：有害內容，騷擾，來自政府的監督和審查，對兒童權利的風險，以及對知識公平的限制。優先建議包括：

• 制定獨立的人權政策，作為維基媒體有關人權工作的重要指標（我們現在已經制定了此政）；
• 進行持續的人權盡職調查。這包括：
  • 定期人權評估（在維基媒體基金會及其各項專案中）
  • 關於結果和緩解措施的透明報告
  • 兼容渠道以回應社群成員提出有關的人權問題
  • 通過強大的培訓計劃和產品工具（例如：事件響應軟件）賦權予維基媒體基金會工作人員和更廣泛的社群，以支持對人權的更廣泛尊重

我們打算在2022 年發佈人權影響評估報告中更詳細的調查結果和建議。此人權政策經過了數次草擬，初步意見來自Article One，人權的成員和公共政策團隊，以及法律部門的其他成員。然後，該政策與來自整個維基媒體基金會的主要代表，以及維基媒體基金會理事會的產品和技術委員會共享。經過廣泛的反饋和討論，它在提交給全體維基媒體基金會理事會最終批准之前進行了進一步修改。

你將如何讓維基媒體運動參與制定該政策的實施方式？

該政策代表了一系列非常高級別的承諾，需要數年時間才能以迭代，協商和透明的方式實施。現在政策已經獲得批准，我們需要 制定一個初步的實施計劃。一月份，我們的人權和公共政策團隊將開始這一過程，與維基媒體基金會的工作人員密切合作，審查我們影響評估的建議。同時，在新的一年裡我們將為維基媒體運動成員建立實時和異步的渠道，以幫助我們塑造我們的人權承諾的實施方式。

如果我有問題或疑慮怎麼辦？

如果您有直接的疑慮，問題或建議，我們將在接下來的幾週內安排額外的對話時間。有關2021年12月10日對話的視頻可在維基共享資源(Wikimedia Commons)上找到，該對話的書面記錄可在元維基(Meta-Wiki)上找到。您可以通過電子郵件向 Richard Gaines (rgaineswikimedia.org) 和 Ziski Putz (fputzwikimedia.org) 發送任何其他問題。

此政策是否會提供其他語言版本？

You can help support efforts to make it available in more languages by providing translations.

Frequently asked questions (published 3 February 2022)

介绍

The Wikimedia Foundation believes knowledge is a human right. Wikimedia projects provide channels and platforms through which everyone—everywhere—has the right to share and access knowledge freely, without fear. To this end, The Board of Trustees approved the Foundation's Human Rights Policy on 8 December 2021. The Wikimedia Foundation announced this policy on 9 December in a Diff article addressing what this policy means for the Movement. The Global Advocacy team facilitated a Conversation Hour on 10 December (written notes are available) to discuss the policy and to answer any immediate questions from the community.

The following questions and answers are based on questions raised by members of the community in various fora. They complement an initial set of frequently asked questions published alongside the policy. The information contained on this page is intended for all members of the Wikimedia community, including volunteers and Foundation staff. This information seeks to clarify the policy's purpose, the process behind its drafting, and certain aspects of its content. The Global Advocacy team will continue to monitor questions and concerns raised in the "talk" section of this page and will provide responses on a quarterly basis.

Questions about the policy itself

What is the purpose of the Human Rights Policy?

The policy is intended to serve as a compass for our broader work in advocating for policies and technologies that advance the movement. It provides a framework for respecting and protecting the rights of everyone—from staff to volunteer contributors—across all Foundation operations and movement activities. It clarifies our responsibility to ensure that all Wikimedia projects are operated and designed with human rights-related risks and benefits in mind. Critically, the policy will inform how we respond to and protect members of our movement against demands and threats from non-state actors as well as governments that threaten to violate their human rights.

In what ways have the human rights of community members been affected, making this policy necessary?

The ways in which members may experience threats or violations to their human rights in connection with Wikimedia projects vary by their situation and context, given that ours is a global movement with members of our community living in and contributing to Wikimedia projects from countries spanning the spectrum of free to authoritarian societies.

For example, volunteers in more authoritarian contexts have been threatened and even physically assaulted in connection to their work on Wikimedia projects. This Fast Company story published in late 2021 describes how some volunteers were harassed and targeted by state surveillance.

Does this policy inadvertently expose volunteers to greater risk?

The unfortunate answer is "probably" but must be nuanced by the fact that not having such a policy will probably also inadvertently expose volunteers to greater risk. In some parts of the world, sharing information is a radical act. We cannot change that fact by what policies we embrace or do not embrace. We believe it is important to acknowledge the risks, while doing our best to avoid amplifying them. This policy helps us firmly state our commitment to addressing them. Our goal is to protect and preserve as much as possible the rights of those who would use our platforms to share or access knowledge.

What is the impact of this policy on the neutrality of Wikimedia projects?

Neutral point of view is and will remain a core principle of many Wikimedia projects (it should be noted however that at least six projects do not have such a policy). Formalizing our commitment to internationally recognized human rights norms does not diminish this principle or the right of any projects to enforce NPOV policies in their content. Nor does the implementation of this policy mean that any volunteer who may contribute from a politically sensitive environment is a de facto human rights or political activist. This policy does, however, strengthen our commitment to protect the human rights of volunteers who may be at risk as a result of their work with Wikimedia projects.

Significantly, the policy reiterates and reinforces Wikimedia's commitment to free knowledge as a human right. It begins by reminding the world that Wikimedia projects themselves are enabling people to exercise that right. Furthermore, the right to share and access free knowledge should be understood to include the right of volunteers to govern Wikimedia projects according to the principle of neutrality, and to enforce the community's rules around NPOV.

The policy includes a commitment to use the Foundation's influence to advocate for human rights. How is that within the scope of the Foundation's primary purpose which is to support all of the volunteer-run Wikimedia projects?

Let us look very specifically at the Foundation's primary purpose. We are "to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally." We are not here for the projects as much as we are here for the humans who work on the projects and the humans who access the content they create and curate. It is our firm position that empowering people means supporting an environment that is conducive to the safe creation and curation of knowledge resources and to the safe (and hence effective) use of the same.

The policy makes reference to the UCOC. Is this premature given that phase 2 is incomplete, and phase 1 currently has no mandate for authority on the Community because it hasn't had community ratification?

We do not believe it is premature for several reasons.

First, while the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) enforcement pathways are still incomplete, the UCoC policy itself is official. The UCoC mandate comes from the Board of Trustees' legal responsibility to the sites and its users as laid out in the Terms of Use. From time to time, it must pass policies to uphold its obligations, and it has done so for years - such as with the Biographies of Living Persons resolution or the Privacy Policy. The agreement of users to abide by Board-passed policies and resolutions is encoded in the Terms of Use.

Second, while it is true that the enforcement pathways are not yet defined, we think it is important to explicitly recognize that the UCoC and Human Rights Policy are part of the same effort: to formalize the Foundation's ongoing commitment and work to protect and defend human rights. Where the Human Rights Policy is the first step in clarifying our commitment and responsibility to protecting human rights, the UCoC is one example of how we are already living up to that commitment. The policy reinforces values and behaviors needed to protect and respect the fundamental rights of those people involved in Wikimedia projects.

All that said, we do want to note that the call for a UCoC was a recommendation of the Movement Strategy developed by many volunteers over a span of several years. It underwent extensive consultation and development, with hundreds of users participating, and dozens of revisions incorporated, prior to the Board resolution adopting it. This shared community-co-creation and Board-ratified legitimacy model has served the movement well in creating and adopting policies that the Foundation must help uphold. For instance, the call for a movement charter which will create alternative routes to universal policy creation was in itself a recommendation of Movement Strategy and was ratified by the Board. We also firmly believe that the effectiveness of the UCoC can be fully understood only after it is put into trial and we can identify what works and what does not. This is why we are committed to a collaborative review of both the policy and the enforcement pathways after a year with an eye towards adjustments that meet community needs.

Human rights impact assessment

The FAQ published in December describes a human rights impact assessment that was conducted in 2020 prior to the drafting of the Human Rights Policy. Will that assessment be made public? When?

Yes, we are working on a version of the impact assessment report that can be published later this year. Our legal, human rights, and security teams need adequate time to review the public version to ensure that the information will not expose any individuals or communities to harm. It is important to us to avoid inadvertently providing a "playbook" to bad actors of how to use Wikimedia systems and processes to enact the kinds of human rights risks that we are seeking to mitigate.

To what extent were volunteers consulted during the human rights impact assessment?

The human rights impact assessment was conducted by external experts to evaluate the Foundation's own technical systems, processes, and policies. They interviewed community members and staff as part of the assessment, as well as external expert agencies and evaluating policy documents.

Community consultation

Why was this policy not shared more broadly before its approval?

The findings of the human rights impact assessment were presented to the Board of Trustees in September 2021. Based on the assessment's findings and recommendations, the Trustees and Foundation leadership agreed that establishing this policy was urgent in order to meet the Foundation's responsibility to protect members of our community from real, growing threats in the world.

At the same time, implementing a human rights policy takes time and resources, which requires planning and budgeting. Thus, Trustees and Foundation leadership agreed that it was important for the policy to be drafted and finalized in time for the December 2021 Board of Trustees meeting. Otherwise, it would not be approved until the March meeting at the earliest, which would be too late for the upcoming fiscal year's planning and budgeting process.

Given the threats that the impact assessment identified, such a delay would have non-trivial consequences for human beings who contribute to or interact with Wikimedia projects. Thus, while consultations about the policy were carried out across Foundation departments and staff, there was no time to set up a broader community consultation process between September and early December in time to bring a final draft to the Board of Trustees.

That said, we are committed to a process of consultation about the policy's implementation as part of the annual planning consultations being planned for Spring 2020. We are also seeking community input on how we can conduct ongoing conversations and consultations about human rights issues across the movement in general, and the policy's implementation in particular.

December 2021 conversation hour

Why was the first conversation hour scheduled with one day notice?

The conversation hour was announced the day after the Board of Trustees approved the Human Rights Policy on December 8 and could not be announced prior to the policy's formal approval. We sought to make representatives of the Foundation available to the community as soon as feasibly possible thereafter, recognizing that the coming holidays could result in many staff and community members being unavailable to participate. Thus, we decided that sooner was better than later. While we regret that not all people who were interested were able to attend, we look forward to additional conversation opportunities.

When will the next conversation hour be?

The next will be a conversation with the Board of Trustees on 17 February. The times for this engagement can be found on Meta-Wiki.

How, beyond conversation hours, can we best engage the team behind this policy?

While the team is small, we are committing to engage with questions and comments left on this page on a quarterly cadence. We may aggregate like questions, and we may not be able to provide specifics in response to all questions, but we will do our best.

If you have a concern about individuals who may be endangered as a result of their activities related to any Wikimedia projects, you may also email talktohumanrightswikimedia.org.

For general information about best practices when facing threats of immediate physical harm, please see below.

Safeguarding against threats to individuals' human rights

What are the procedures for protecting the rights of individuals under threat?

Unfortunately, it is not possible for us to talk about specifics in the processes without risking drawing the attention of bad actors in a way that may point out gaps and weaknesses. Our general approach builds on the traditional Voices under Threat program practice and aims to cultivate contacts in high-risk regions to provide support to volunteers who are being persecuted for their good-faith contributions to the movement when support is needed. There are a number of ways that the Foundation becomes aware of such threats, including via our usual emergency protocols, and we are increasing our capacity to respond nimbly and well to these kinds of threats with rapid response time with a small team of regional specialists under the oversight of a Human Rights Lead.

What if I or a Wikimedian I know are under threat?

Please reach out. Our processes will vary according to the urgency of the threat. If you or anyone face an immediate threat of physical harm, please see Threats of Harm for the best approaches. If the threat is not immediate, please reach out to talktohumanrightswikimedia.org.

How does this policy address labor rights?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that, "Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of [their] interests." The Human Rights Policy reflects the Foundation's commitment to protect and respect all human rights, including labor rights.